Capital ships design studies from the Netherlands

[Korpen]

Two designs that are considered to be laid down in the 2nd half of 1907.
The main difference is the main armament, design one carries six 35cm guns design two carry ten 30,5cm guns, but as she got wing turrets (Dreadnaught-style), it is a broadside of eight 30cm guns.
The question is really if the extra barrels are worth the decrease in armour, speed and survivability.
While neither design is as fast as could be whished for, that are still as fast as most AC in service.


BB16-1, Netherlands Battleship laid down 1907 (Engine 1909)

Displacement:
   16 000 t light; 17 082 t standard; 19 203 t normal; 20 900 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   571,73 ft / 557,74 ft x 80,38 ft x 27,89 ft (normal load)
   174,26 m / 170,00 m x 24,50 m  x 8,50 m

Armament:
      6 - 13,78" / 350 mm guns (3x2 guns), 1 322,77lbs / 600,00kg shells, 1907 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on centreline ends, majority aft
      14 - 5,91" / 150 mm guns in single mounts, 99,21lbs / 45,00kg shells, 1907 Model
     Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
     on side, all amidships
     10 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in all but light seas
      4 - 3,46" / 88,0 mm guns in single mounts, 19,84lbs / 9,00kg shells, 1907 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts
     on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
   Weight of broadside 9 405 lbs / 4 266 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 130

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   11,8" / 300 mm   341,21 ft / 104,00 m   13,12 ft / 4,00 m
   Ends:   3,94" / 100 mm   216,54 ft / 66,00 m   9,84 ft / 3,00 m
   Upper:   4,72" / 120 mm   354,33 ft / 108,00 m   7,87 ft / 2,40 m
     Main Belt covers 94 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
      1,57" / 40 mm   354,33 ft / 108,00 m   25,03 ft / 7,63 m

   - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   11,8" / 300 mm   5,12" / 130 mm      11,0" / 280 mm
   2nd:   4,72" / 120 mm         -               -

   - Armour deck: 2,13" / 54 mm, Conning tower: 11,02" / 280 mm

Machinery:
   Coal and oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Direct drive, 4 shafts, 25 999 shp / 19 395 Kw = 20,96 kts
   Range 8 000nm at 12,00 kts
   Bunker at max displacement = 3 818 tons (90% coal)

Complement:
   815 - 1 060

Cost:
   £1,724 million / $6,898 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 1 172 tons, 6,1 %
   Armour: 6 584 tons, 34,3 %
      - Belts: 3 197 tons, 16,6 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 517 tons, 2,7 %
      - Armament: 1 483 tons, 7,7 %
      - Armour Deck: 1 216 tons, 6,3 %
      - Conning Tower: 170 tons, 0,9 %
   Machinery: 1 287 tons, 6,7 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 6 657 tons, 34,7 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3 203 tons, 16,7 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 300 tons, 1,6 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     25 205 lbs / 11 433 Kg = 19,3 x 13,8 " / 350 mm shells or 4,4 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,24
   Metacentric height 5,3 ft / 1,6 m
   Roll period: 14,6 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 50 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,45
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1,30

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has rise forward of midbreak
   Block coefficient: 0,538
   Length to Beam Ratio: 6,94 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 23,62 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 42 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 38
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 25,00 degrees
   Stern overhang: 3,28 ft / 1,00 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      22,97 ft / 7,00 m
      - Forecastle (18 %):   21,00 ft / 6,40 m
      - Mid (30 %):      21,00 ft / 6,40 m (13,12 ft / 4,00 m aft of break)
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   13,12 ft / 4,00 m
      - Stern:      13,12 ft / 4,00 m
      - Average freeboard:   15,63 ft / 4,76 m
   Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 94,0 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 105,0 %
   Waterplane Area: 30 926 Square feet or 2 873 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 102 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 151 lbs/sq ft or 736 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0,96
      - Longitudinal: 1,42
      - Overall: 1,00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate
   Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

[Korpen]

BB16-2, Netherlands Battleship laid down 1907 (Engine 1909)

Displacement:
   16 000 t light; 17 193 t standard; 19 322 t normal; 21 025 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   571,73 ft / 557,74 ft x 80,38 ft x 27,89 ft (normal load)
   174,26 m / 170,00 m x 24,50 m  x 8,50 m

Armament:
      6 - 12,01" / 305 mm guns (3x2 guns), 903,90lbs / 410,00kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on centreline ends, majority aft
      4 - 12,01" / 305 mm guns (2x2 guns), 903,90lbs / 410,00kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on side, all amidships
      14 - 5,91" / 150 mm guns in single mounts, 99,21lbs / 45,00kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
     on side, evenly spread
     10 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in all but light seas
      8 - 3,46" / 88,0 mm guns (4x2 guns), 19,84lbs / 9,00kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts
     on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
   Weight of broadside 10 587 lbs / 4 802 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 130

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   11,0" / 280 mm   354,33 ft / 108,00 m   13,12 ft / 4,00 m
   Ends:   3,94" / 100 mm   203,41 ft / 62,00 m   9,84 ft / 3,00 m
   Upper:   4,72" / 120 mm   354,33 ft / 108,00 m   7,87 ft / 2,40 m
     Main Belt covers 98 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
      1,38" / 35 mm   354,33 ft / 108,00 m   24,93 ft / 7,60 m

   - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   11,0" / 280 mm   5,12" / 130 mm      9,84" / 250 mm
   2nd:   11,0" / 280 mm   4,72" / 120 mm      9,84" / 250 mm

   - Armour deck: 2,13" / 54 mm, Conning tower: 11,02" / 280 mm

Machinery:
   Coal and oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Direct drive, 4 shafts, 23 000 shp / 17 158 Kw = 20,25 kts
   Range 8 000nm at 12,00 kts
   Bunker at max displacement = 3 833 tons (90% coal)

Complement:
   819 - 1 065

Cost:
   £1,797 million / $7,189 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 1 283 tons, 6,6 %
   Armour: 6 370 tons, 33,0 %
      - Belts: 3 089 tons, 16,0 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 450 tons, 2,3 %
      - Armament: 1 439 tons, 7,4 %
      - Armour Deck: 1 220 tons, 6,3 %
      - Conning Tower: 171 tons, 0,9 %
   Machinery: 1 139 tons, 5,9 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 6 908 tons, 35,8 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3 322 tons, 17,2 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 300 tons, 1,6 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     22 719 lbs / 10 305 Kg = 26,2 x 12,0 " / 305 mm shells or 4,0 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,17
   Metacentric height 4,9 ft / 1,5 m
   Roll period: 15,3 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 49 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,48
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1,09

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has rise forward of midbreak
   Block coefficient: 0,541
   Length to Beam Ratio: 6,94 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 23,62 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 40 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 45
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 25,00 degrees
   Stern overhang: 3,28 ft / 1,00 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      22,97 ft / 7,00 m
      - Forecastle (18 %):   17,72 ft / 5,40 m
      - Mid (40 %):      17,72 ft / 5,40 m (9,84 ft / 3,00 m aft of break)
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   9,84 ft / 3,00 m
      - Stern:      9,84 ft / 3,00 m
      - Average freeboard:   13,37 ft / 4,08 m
   Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 96,2 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 89,7 %
   Waterplane Area: 31 023 Square feet or 2 882 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 101 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 160 lbs/sq ft or 782 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0,97
      - Longitudinal: 1,29
      - Overall: 1,00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped

[The Rock Doctor]

I prefer the -1 because:

-The weight of the broadside is heavier - though you might prefer the number of shells in the air.

-Ship's accommodation isn't cramped, which will be good if forced to steam for a colony

-The freeboard is higher, which is better for open seas steaming

I'm inclined to suggest bumping the block co-efficient to about 0.6, which is more appropriate for a battleship, and using the corresponding displacement/strength increase to add some more 88s and raise the freeboard still higher.

[Carthaginian]

I also prefer BB-16-1, but I'd trim it for a bit more steadiness with the guns if possible. You're at 50% now, do you have enough stability to play with to get it up to 70%?

And Rock is right... more freeboard, maybe .5m or .75m? That'll also buy a lot more of a stability margin to help steady it out as a gun platform

[Korpen]

I also prefer BB-16-1, but I'd trim it for a bit more steadiness with the guns if possible. You're at 50% now, do you have enough stability to play with to get it up to 70%?

And Rock is right... more freeboard, maybe .5m or .75m? That'll also buy a lot more of a stability margin to help steady it out as a gun platform

The ships is trimmed for maximum stability, rather then steadiness. I prefer to have my ships capable of take a beating.
Also, there seems to be a fixation with the spingsharp numbers, there is not like anyone i real life could tell the difference in the steadiness of a ship with 68% and one with 70% steadiness.

[Alikchi]

I personally like BB16-2. IMHO 6 main guns aren't enough - you need more shells in the air.

[Borys]

And hell frozeth over, and the lamb lay down by the lion, and the Austrian and the Ottoman agreed on something ...

:D

Borys

[Carthaginian]

The ships is trimmed for maximum stability, rather then steadiness. I prefer to have my ships capable of take a beating.
Also, there seems to be a fixation with the spingsharp numbers, there is not like anyone i real life could tell the difference in the steadiness of a ship with 68% and one with 70% steadiness.

I can definitely respect trying to get them to take a beating better than their competition.

As an experienced shooter, I do see the importance of making the ship as steady a gunnery platform as possible, though. I know what a good stiff breeze can do to my aim with a hunting rifle at 300m. I'd hate to think what less than optimal steadiness could do to a naval artillery piece's accuracy over a range of 10 miles. If a breeze can knock me inches off at 300m, what can wave action do over the course of 10 miles?

That's my reasoning for wanting a very steady ship. :)

[Korpen]

I can definitely respect trying to get them to take a beating better than their competition.

As an experienced shooter, I do see the importance of making the ship as steady a gunnery platform as possible, though. I know what a good stiff breeze can do to my aim with a hunting rifle at 300m. I'd hate to think what less than optimal steadiness could do to a naval artillery piece's accuracy over a range of 10 miles. If a breeze can knock me inches off at 300m, what can wave action do over the course of 10 miles?

That's my reasoning for wanting a very steady ship. :)

High stability can make a huge difference if the ship suffer flooding, as it has much higher margins to counterflood, and less need to counterflood.

And it is not like the ship is unsteady, she is simply avarge for her size and speed.

[Carthaginian]

High stability can make a huge difference if the ship suffer flooding, as it has much higher margins to counterflood, and less need to counterflood.

And it is not like the ship is unsteady, she is simply avarge for her size and speed.

LOL... I'm what we in the U.S. jokingly call a 'gun nut.'
I've spent my life around firearms of every size and shape, from the .22 caliber air rifle I got as a 4 year old to the .50 caliber Browning Machine Gun that I manned in Iraq. I'm not much of a seaman, so I don't know those kinds of things (THANKS for teaching me, though :) ), and thus naturally, the thing that I do know the most about takes over... that being "it's better to shoot more accurately than to hope your enemy is going to be worse than you."

I'll remember the little lesson, though... really, THANKS. :)

[Borys]

Ahoj!
These are two features difficult to obtain in the same ship - stability (survivability) and steadiness (shootiness). For my shooty ships - cruisers and battleships I count on armour and size to get me through. In non-shoty ships - GTB and minesweepers  I pay more attention to seaworthiness and stability.

Borys

[swamphen]

As a rule, I try to keep stability no lower than 1.05. I checked some of my more recent ships and found:

Scharnhorst - 1.10, steadiness 70%
Blücher - 1.18, 71%
Nautilus - 1.15, 72%
Kaiser Wilhelm II - 1.09, 71%
KK1906 - 1.32, 73%
GTB1906 - 1.18, 73%
GK1909 - 1.24, 74%

[Desertfox]

I prefer steadiness, he who hits first stands a better chance of winning. Hit first, hit hard and keep on hitting. As for the ship build 2, she is more period apropriate and besides we dont have a Dreadnought.

[Korpen]

Slightly revised variant with 30,5cm guns.
Well protected against most enemy guns, and carrying a nice broadside of 8 guns, with at least four guns bearing in any direction.
BB16-3, Netherlands Battleship laid down 1907 (Engine 1909)
I really like them. So it is quite likely a pair of these will be laid down in 1907.

Displacement:
   16 000 t light; 17 193 t standard; 19 310 t normal; 21 004 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   529,08 ft / 515,09 ft x 82,02 ft x 27,89 ft (normal load)
   161,26 m / 157,00 m x 25,00 m  x 8,50 m

Armament:
      6 - 12,01" / 305 mm guns (3x2 guns), 903,90lbs / 410,00kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on centreline ends, majority aft
      4 - 12,01" / 305 mm guns (2x2 guns), 903,90lbs / 410,00kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on side, all amidships
      14 - 5,91" / 150 mm guns in single mounts, 99,21lbs / 45,00kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
     on side, evenly spread
     10 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in all but light seas
      8 - 3,46" / 88,0 mm guns (4x2 guns), 19,84lbs / 9,00kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts
     on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
   Weight of broadside 10 587 lbs / 4 802 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 130

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   11,8" / 300 mm   334,65 ft / 102,00 m   13,12 ft / 4,00 m
   Ends:   3,94" / 100 mm   180,45 ft / 55,00 m   9,84 ft / 3,00 m
   Upper:   4,72" / 120 mm   334,65 ft / 102,00 m   7,87 ft / 2,40 m
     Main Belt covers 100 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
      1,38" / 35 mm   334,65 ft / 102,00 m   24,93 ft / 7,60 m

   - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   11,0" / 280 mm   4,72" / 120 mm      9,84" / 250 mm
   2nd:   11,0" / 280 mm   4,72" / 120 mm      9,84" / 250 mm
   3rd:   4,72" / 120 mm         -               -
   4th:   0,39" / 10 mm         -               -

   - Armour deck: 2,15" / 55 mm, Conning tower: 11,02" / 280 mm

Machinery:
   Coal and oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Direct drive, 4 shafts, 24 000 shp / 17 904 Kw = 20,28 kts
   Range 8 000nm at 12,00 kts
   Bunker at max displacement = 3 811 tons (90% coal)

Complement:
   818 - 1 064

Cost:
   £1,804 million / $7,217 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 1 283 tons, 6,6 %
   Armour: 6 553 tons, 33,9 %
      - Belts: 3 074 tons, 15,9 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 425 tons, 2,2 %
      - Armament: 1 684 tons, 8,7 %
      - Armour Deck: 1 199 tons, 6,2 %
      - Conning Tower: 171 tons, 0,9 %
   Machinery: 1 188 tons, 6,2 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 6 675 tons, 34,6 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3 310 tons, 17,1 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 300 tons, 1,6 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     23 507 lbs / 10 663 Kg = 27,2 x 12,0 " / 305 mm shells or 4,1 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,20
   Metacentric height 5,2 ft / 1,6 m
   Roll period: 15,1 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 55 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,50
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1,28

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has rise forward of midbreak
   Block coefficient: 0,574
   Length to Beam Ratio: 6,28 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 22,70 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 45 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 43
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 25,00 degrees
   Stern overhang: 3,28 ft / 1,00 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      22,97 ft / 7,00 m
      - Forecastle (18 %):   17,72 ft / 5,40 m
      - Mid (55 %):      17,72 ft / 5,40 m (9,84 ft / 3,00 m aft of break)
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   9,84 ft / 3,00 m
      - Stern:      9,84 ft / 3,00 m
      - Average freeboard:   14,55 ft / 4,44 m
   Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 96,7 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 99,6 %
   Waterplane Area: 30 146 Square feet or 2 801 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 99 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 159 lbs/sq ft or 778 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0,95
      - Longitudinal: 1,55
      - Overall: 1,00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate
   Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

[Korpen]

Larger then the earlier studies, but well armed (among the heaviest broadsides in the world), quite fast at 21kts and with more then adequate armour. In short a very well-balanced ship.

BB18-2, Netherlands Battleship laid down 1907 (Engine 1909)


Displacement:
   18 000 t light; 19 329 t standard; 21 615 t normal; 23 444 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   532,36 ft / 518,37 ft x 83,66 ft x 28,71 ft (normal load)
   162,26 m / 158,00 m x 25,50 m  x 8,75 m

Armament:
      8 - 13,78" / 350 mm guns (4x2 guns), 1 322,77lbs / 600,00kg shells, 1907 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on side, evenly spread
     Aft Main mounts separated by engine room
      14 - 5,91" / 150 mm guns in single mounts, 99,21lbs / 45,00kg shells, 1907 Model
     Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
     on side, all amidships
     10 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in all but light seas
      8 - 3,46" / 88,0 mm guns in single mounts, 19,84lbs / 9,00kg shells, 1907 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts
     on side, evenly spread, 4 raised mounts
   Weight of broadside 12 130 lbs / 5 502 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 130

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   12,6" / 320 mm   347,77 ft / 106,00 m   13,78 ft / 4,20 m
   Ends:   3,94" / 100 mm   177,17 ft / 54,00 m   9,84 ft / 3,00 m
   Upper:   5,51" / 140 mm   347,77 ft / 106,00 m   7,87 ft / 2,40 m
     Main Belt covers 103 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
      1,38" / 35 mm   347,77 ft / 106,00 m   27,89 ft / 8,50 m

   - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   12,2" / 310 mm   5,51" / 140 mm      11,0" / 280 mm
   2nd:   5,51" / 140 mm         -               -
   3rd:   0,59" / 15 mm         -               -

   - Armour deck: 2,36" / 60 mm, Conning tower: 11,02" / 280 mm

Machinery:
   Coal and oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Direct drive, 4 shafts, 30 000 shp / 22 380 Kw = 21,06 kts
   Range 8 050nm at 12,00 kts
   Bunker at max displacement = 4 115 tons (90% coal)

Complement:
   890 - 1 158

Cost:
   £2,106 million / $8,423 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 1 509 tons, 7,0 %
   Armour: 7 566 tons, 35,0 %
      - Belts: 3 546 tons, 16,4 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 494 tons, 2,3 %
      - Armament: 1 945 tons, 9,0 %
      - Armour Deck: 1 396 tons, 6,5 %
      - Conning Tower: 184 tons, 0,9 %
   Machinery: 1 485 tons, 6,9 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 7 139 tons, 33,0 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3 615 tons, 16,7 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 300 tons, 1,4 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     24 236 lbs / 10 993 Kg = 18,5 x 13,8 " / 350 mm shells or 4,0 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,13
   Metacentric height 4,8 ft / 1,5 m
   Roll period: 16,0 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 58 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,61
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1,16

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has rise forward of midbreak
   Block coefficient: 0,608
   Length to Beam Ratio: 6,20 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 22,77 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 48 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 25,00 degrees
   Stern overhang: 3,28 ft / 1,00 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      22,97 ft / 7,00 m
      - Forecastle (18 %):   17,72 ft / 5,40 m
      - Mid (63 %):      17,72 ft / 5,40 m (9,84 ft / 3,00 m aft of break)
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   9,84 ft / 3,00 m
      - Stern:      9,84 ft / 3,00 m
      - Average freeboard:   15,18 ft / 4,63 m
   Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 101,8 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 103,5 %
   Waterplane Area: 31 946 Square feet or 2 968 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 94 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 161 lbs/sq ft or 786 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0,95
      - Longitudinal: 1,51
      - Overall: 1,00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate