Bavarian musings

[Kaiser Kirk]

So..this is where my mind is wandering regarding the recent battles. Curious as to other's view of the matter. Not sure I'll build either vessel, but something to chew on.

The Battle of the Tadjoura Strait

Bavaria has little in the way of an intelligence network, but the Dutch are very keen on learning what went on, and we may also learn a little from our ESC/French/Italia contacts.

The gist of things seems to be two fold-
1) Torpedo bombers can indeed hit things...and at a reasonable rate.
2) 50 odd DDs will land multiple torpedo hits
There are other lessons to be sure, but in both cases the torpedo by sea and air seems to have arrived. But what to do about that?

Torpedo bombers and Destroyers are expendable, but are limited in range and ocean open ability. Screening vessels such as Light cruisers can kill them, ACs can kill CLs, BCs can kill ACs, and BBs presumably rule at the point of decision....

The obvious answer would be to take out the foe- or disrupt the attack- as far out as possible. While also making valuable ships more torpedo resilient.

With no real merchant marine to protect, but with allies to potentially screen, and a potential raider mission, cruisers would seem the best course. But big or little?

So..new cruisers.

Speed : needs to be 29+ knots. This gives a 3kt advantage over the older 26+ vessels of the ESC battleline and can keep up with the faster. With older engine tech, and a ned for at least partial coal firing, speed will never be a  hallmark of Bavarian construction.

Offense : Obviously we need to be achieving the 1 hit = 1 kill at maximum range. With the 15cm featuring a 6-8rpm ROF, and the 18cm managing 5-6, the 18cm actually manages greater throw weight, and at 18k yards the ROF of the 15cm can't be fully exploited anyhow. So the 18cm looks attractive. To achieve the 18-24k range, casements must be abandoned. Unfortunately, only single mounts are currently available for either the 15cm or 18cm.

Anti-aircraft defense needs to focus on high velocity, flat firing cannon, to dispatch the bombers before they get within torpedo range.  QF AAGs more than AAMGs. At this point in time, the slow and lumbering torpedo bombers were presumed fairly easy to hit, which may have been true.

edit : I know I can fit up to 16x90mm on the larger cruiser if I chose- in galleries above the wing 18cm. That simply is so far beyond OTL for the 1920s as to seem unreasonable. Even at 8x90mm, thats twice what the Kent class had.

Defense : Larger vessels can have torpedo bulkheads, but the additional beam to accommodate reasonable defensive depth is problematic. If a conventional cruiser is 15-16m beam, miminal torpedo defense would require at least 6m more or 21-22m. This will also prove limiting to vessel speeds.

Armor : Minimal is to defeat destroyer weapons, with the French 14cm being the largest. Maximum is to defeat the "Nassau cruiser" with 195mm main guns. Quite a range.

Range : Coal still is the primary fuel available, and is also far more readily obtained in neutral ports or off captured merchants. The greater efficiencies of Oil mean it can be used for high speeds. So the recent 6500nm range sought should be expanded to 9000, but with 2/3 of the boilers coal fired, allowing 6000nm on coal alone.

So ... two ships being toyed with. One would follow the Leipzig's, the other the Princeregent Luitpolds.

The light cruiser is a pretty minimal design, squeezing a reasonable turn of speed and proof against destroyer level weapons, but also vulnerable to torpedoes. . The heavier cruiser is extremely resilient, far better armored, and has nearly twice the firepower of the light cruiser...but is almost twice the size and represents 7 months of Bavaria's production capacity.

Enter ship name, Enter country Enter ship type laid down 1920 (Engine 1916)

Displacement:
   7,490 t light; 7,809 t standard; 9,280 t normal; 10,456 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   556.60 ft / 541.34 ft x 54.13 ft x 21.82 ft (normal load)
   169.65 m / 165.00 m x 16.50 m  x 6.65 m

Armament:
     6 - 7.09" / 180 mm guns in single mounts, 187.39lbs / 85.00kg shells, 1920 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
     on centreline ends, evenly spread, 3 raised mounts - superfiring
     8 - 3.54" / 90.0 mm guns in single mounts, 22.05lbs / 10.00kg shells, 1920 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
     on side, all amidships
     8 - 1.46" / 37.0 mm guns in single mounts, 1.55lbs / 0.70kg shells, 1920 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts
     on side, evenly spread
   Weight of broadside 1,313 lbs / 596 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 175
   6 - 21.0" / 533.4 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
  - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   2.95" / 75 mm   426.51 ft / 130.00 m   9.84 ft / 3.00 m
   Ends:   Unarmoured
     Main Belt covers 121 % of normal length

  - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   2.95" / 75 mm   1.97" / 50 mm      1.97" / 50 mm
   2nd:   0.98" / 25 mm   0.98" / 25 mm            -
   3rd:   0.39" / 10 mm         -               -

  - Armour deck: 1.18" / 30 mm, Conning tower: 2.95" / 75 mm

Machinery:
   Coal and oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Electric motors, 3 shafts, 73,834 shp / 55,080 Kw = 31.00 kts
   Range 9,005nm at 14.00 kts
   Bunker at max displacement = 2,647 tons (66% coal)

Complement:
   472 - 614

Cost:
   £1.900 million / $7.601 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 157 tons, 1.7 %
   Armour: 1,069 tons, 11.5 %
      - Belts: 502 tons, 5.4 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
      - Armament: 110 tons, 1.2 %
      - Armour Deck: 430 tons, 4.6 %
      - Conning Tower: 28 tons, 0.3 %
   Machinery: 2,926 tons, 31.5 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 3,037 tons, 32.7 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 1,790 tons, 19.3 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 300 tons, 3.2 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     6,996 lbs / 3,173 Kg = 39.3 x 7.1 " / 180 mm shells or 1.1 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.12
   Metacentric height 2.5 ft / 0.8 m
   Roll period: 14.4 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.49
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.02

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has rise forward of midbreak
   Block coefficient: 0.508
   Length to Beam Ratio: 10.00 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 23.27 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 57 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 69
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 22.00 degrees
   Stern overhang: 4.92 ft / 1.50 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      25.59 ft / 7.80 m
      - Forecastle (20 %):   21.65 ft / 6.60 m
      - Mid (50 %):      21.65 ft / 6.60 m (12.99 ft / 3.96 m aft of break)
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   12.99 ft / 3.96 m
      - Stern:      12.99 ft / 3.96 m
      - Average freeboard:   17.64 ft / 5.38 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 119.3 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 115.8 %
   Waterplane Area: 19,668 Square feet or 1,827 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 109 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 92 lbs/sq ft or 451 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0.96
      - Longitudinal: 1.36
      - Overall: 1.00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate
   Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform

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PRL II, Bavaria Kruezer laid down 1920 (Engine 1916)

Displacement:
   14,410 t light; 15,029 t standard; 17,245 t normal; 19,018 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   556.68 ft / 544.62 ft x 85.30 ft x 24.61 ft (normal load)
   169.68 m / 166.00 m x 26.00 m  x 7.50 m

Armament:
     6 - 7.09" / 180 mm guns in single mounts, 187.39lbs / 85.00kg shells, 1920 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
     on centreline, evenly spread, 3 raised mounts
     8 - 7.09" / 180 mm guns in single mounts, 187.39lbs / 85.00kg shells, 1920 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
     on side ends, evenly spread, 4 raised mounts - superfiring
     8 - 3.54" / 90.0 mm guns in single mounts, 22.24lbs / 10.09kg shells, 1920 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts
     on side ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts - superfiring
     8 - 1.46" / 37.0 mm guns in single mounts, 1.55lbs / 0.70kg shells, 1920 Model
     Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
     on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
   Weight of broadside 2,814 lbs / 1,276 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 160
   12 - 21.0" / 533.4 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
  - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   7.09" / 180 mm   400.26 ft / 122.00 m   12.47 ft / 3.80 m
   Ends:   1.97" / 50 mm   144.32 ft / 43.99 m   9.84 ft / 3.00 m
   Upper:   1.97" / 50 mm   400.26 ft / 122.00 m   8.01 ft / 2.44 m
     Main Belt covers 113 % of normal length

  - Torpedo Bulkhead:
      1.97" / 50 mm   400.26 ft / 122.00 m   22.21 ft / 6.77 m

  - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   2.95" / 75 mm   1.97" / 50 mm      1.97" / 50 mm
   2nd:   2.95" / 75 mm   1.97" / 50 mm      1.97" / 50 mm
   3rd:   0.98" / 25 mm   0.98" / 25 mm            -
   4th:   0.39" / 10 mm         -               -

  - Armour deck: 2.95" / 75 mm, Conning tower: 7.09" / 180 mm

Machinery:
   Coal and oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Electric motors, 4 shafts, 89,236 shp / 66,570 Kw = 29.00 kts
   Range 9,380nm at 14.00 kts
   Bunker at max displacement = 3,988 tons (66% coal)

Complement:
   752 - 978

Cost:
   £3.028 million / $12.112 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 335 tons, 1.9 %
   Armour: 4,577 tons, 26.5 %
      - Belts: 1,867 tons, 10.8 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 648 tons, 3.8 %
      - Armament: 226 tons, 1.3 %
      - Armour Deck: 1,735 tons, 10.1 %
      - Conning Tower: 102 tons, 0.6 %
   Machinery: 3,537 tons, 20.5 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 5,561 tons, 32.2 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,835 tons, 16.4 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 400 tons, 2.3 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     23,977 lbs / 10,876 Kg = 134.7 x 7.1 " / 180 mm shells or 3.9 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.23
   Metacentric height 5.7 ft / 1.7 m
   Roll period: 15.0 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.25
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.04

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has low quarterdeck
   Block coefficient: 0.528
   Length to Beam Ratio: 6.38 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 23.34 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 60 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 68
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 12.00 degrees
   Stern overhang: 6.56 ft / 2.00 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      25.85 ft / 7.88 m
      - Forecastle (20 %):   21.59 ft / 6.58 m
      - Mid (50 %):      21.59 ft / 6.58 m
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   13.58 ft / 4.14 m (21.59 ft / 6.58 m before break)
      - Stern:      13.58 ft / 4.14 m
      - Average freeboard:   20.73 ft / 6.32 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 111.0 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 142.8 %
   Waterplane Area: 31,762 Square feet or 2,951 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 117 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 123 lbs/sq ft or 598 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0.94
      - Longitudinal: 1.72
      - Overall: 1.00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
   Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform

A follow on to the Prince Regent Luitpold class,
Based on gleanings of reports from the 2nd Rift War.

The purported effectiveness of torpedoes being a worry, choosing an adequate beam to fit substantial internal torpedo bulges was a concern. This resulted in a chunky hull form.

Considering data on expected Dutch torpedo performance, the threat envelope appeared to extend past reasonable fire control ranges, to the limits of visibility. With the faster 15cm having difficulties covering this range, the 18cm was chosen.

While casements had been preferred for earlier ships, the inherent elevation limits of the casements limited effective gun ranges, so an all mount & hoist main battery is featured.  Lacking twin mounts smaller than 254mm, a number of single mounts were used to give a 10 gun broadside.

As shooting down incoming torpedo bombers appeared to be a priority, a "heavy" AA battery of 8x 90mm was fitted, backed by the 8x37mm anti-strafing battery.

Arrangements were made for firecontrol to cover both sides of the vessel.

Torpedoes were fitted to the fantail, stepped down. Viewed as dangerous above decks, and difficult to fit through torpedo bulkheads below decks, this placed them far from critical areas.

Armor :
With the Nassau 195mm rumored as a "standard", and given the Hapsburg guns, the 18cm armor is felt sufficient.
To provide more safety vs soft kills an upper belt is fitted to defeat splinters, as is an end belt.
The armor decks are a 55mm main deck and 20mm upper deck capping the main and upper belts respectively.

Propulsion : With the fuel source governed by coal, and elderly engine tech, speed was pegged at 29knots to give manuevering around the main ESC battleline, and the ability to keep up with most Dutch and ESC modern vessels.

Misc weight.
2x 100t - Fore & aft  Cruiser FC for 18cm
2x 25t - Starboard/larboard DD FC for 90mm & 37mm AAG
50t- Spare torpedoes

[TexanCowboy]

On the first cruiser, is the layout similar to the Furtaka class?

[Kaiser Kirk]

With both I was rather thinking  pairs of mounts at A, Q, X, though pyramids fore and aft could be done as well*.  Both ships are actually longer than HMS Invincible or HMS St.Vincent, and 7" takes far less space than 12".  The larger would take advantage of the wider beam to have the wing 7" guns with the 90mm AAG in a gallery above.

*I'd rather have the guns widely spaced. I expect that heavily armoring mounts of this size would have very negative effects on their training rates. This is also why I haven't bothered with a twin mount- I'll go turrets.  So each 7" gun is armored against splinters and direct HE hits and the pairs are dispersed, making them difficult to knock out.

[Kaiser Kirk]

Another variant of the "heavy".  Which is ironic since I expected I'd only be working with "light" and AC/BC style cruisers.

Still with the 10x18cm broadside, but the 90mm galleries are expanded to 3 guns each, or 6 per side. Very heavy AA for the period.

Dispensing with the upper belt and thinning the armor overall while going with a majority of oil-firing, wagering that 2435nm @14kts will be adequate for most peacetime needs. That works out to 3500 @ 12 and 5100 @ 10 on purely coal.  Electric drive becomes of greater import as the ability to run screws in full reverse materially aids maneuver vs. torpedoes.

Overall 1400 tons lighter and nearly as effective...but I think I like the more expensive version's heavier armor.  If you can't run too well, you best be able to take some punishment.  The deck is actually roughly the same and represents something that should reject an 18cm shell at 18k

PRL III, Bavaria Kruezer laid down 1920 (Engine 1916)

Displacement:
   12,990 t light; 13,583 t standard; 15,470 t normal; 16,980 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   556.68 ft / 544.62 ft x 80.38 ft x 23.79 ft (normal load)
   169.68 m / 166.00 m x 24.50 m  x 7.25 m

Armament:
      6 - 7.09" / 180 mm guns in single mounts, 187.39lbs / 85.00kg shells, 1920 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
     on centreline, evenly spread, 3 raised mounts
      8 - 7.09" / 180 mm guns in single mounts, 187.39lbs / 85.00kg shells, 1920 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
     on side ends, evenly spread
      12 - 3.54" / 90.0 mm guns in single mounts, 22.24lbs / 10.09kg shells, 1920 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts
     on side ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts - superfiring
      8 - 1.46" / 37.0 mm guns in single mounts, 1.55lbs / 0.70kg shells, 1920 Model
     Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
     on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
   Weight of broadside 2,903 lbs / 1,317 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 160
   12 - 21.0" / 533.4 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   5.91" / 150 mm   416.67 ft / 127.00 m   13.12 ft / 4.00 m
   Ends:   1.97" / 50 mm   127.92 ft / 38.99 m   9.84 ft / 3.00 m
     Main Belt covers 118 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
      1.97" / 50 mm   416.67 ft / 127.00 m   20.73 ft / 6.32 m

   - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   5.91" / 150 mm   1.97" / 50 mm      1.97" / 50 mm
   2nd:   5.91" / 150 mm   1.97" / 50 mm      1.97" / 50 mm
   3rd:   0.98" / 25 mm   0.98" / 25 mm            -
   4th:   0.39" / 10 mm         -               -

   - Armour deck: 2.56" / 65 mm, Conning tower: 5.91" / 150 mm

Machinery:
   Coal and oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Electric motors, 4 shafts, 82,229 shp / 61,343 Kw = 29.00 kts
   Range 9,740nm at 14.00 kts
   Bunker at max displacement = 3,397 tons (25% coal)

Complement:
   693 - 901

Cost:
   £2.800 million / $11.198 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 346 tons, 2.2 %
   Armour: 3,865 tons, 25.0 %
      - Belts: 1,439 tons, 9.3 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 629 tons, 4.1 %
      - Armament: 311 tons, 2.0 %
      - Armour Deck: 1,406 tons, 9.1 %
      - Conning Tower: 79 tons, 0.5 %
   Machinery: 3,135 tons, 20.3 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 5,118 tons, 33.1 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,481 tons, 16.0 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 525 tons, 3.4 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     20,833 lbs / 9,450 Kg = 117.1 x 7.1 " / 180 mm shells or 3.4 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.22
   Metacentric height 5.2 ft / 1.6 m
   Roll period: 14.8 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.29
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.06

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has low quarterdeck
   Block coefficient: 0.520
   Length to Beam Ratio: 6.78 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 23.34 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 59 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 66
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 12.00 degrees
   Stern overhang: 6.56 ft / 2.00 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      25.85 ft / 7.88 m
      - Forecastle (20 %):   20.93 ft / 6.38 m
      - Mid (50 %):      20.93 ft / 6.38 m
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   13.25 ft / 4.04 m (20.93 ft / 6.38 m before break)
      - Stern:      13.25 ft / 4.04 m
      - Average freeboard:   20.17 ft / 6.15 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 116.6 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 138.6 %
   Waterplane Area: 29,708 Square feet or 2,760 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 115 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 119 lbs/sq ft or 580 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0.94
      - Longitudinal: 1.63
      - Overall: 1.00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
   Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform

[TexanCowboy]

I'd grudingly accept the torpedo bulkhead...it may be a bit too small for it, but I would accept it....

Is there a way that you can get the 190 mm guns to cross-fire, so you have two on each side? Putting the weight saved into armour.

[Kaiser Kirk]

Perhaps.

I'm not one to draw ships, find it difficult.

However I can look at the deckplan for the 545ft long Orion class, see the 5 twin 13.5/45 cal turrets on centerline and postulate that a pair of 7" mounts could fit in the same deckspace as 1x twin 13.5" turret, especially if one of the 7" was superimposed.   The Orions also had an 88foot beam, though I expect much higher BC.

As for the TDS, the logic was pretty simple. Furataka had 6x single 8" on a 51ft beam, add 30feet to the ship and at an 80 foot beam you should have some depth for a TDS. The system will suffer at the ends, but there should be some room.

Historically, you do see some shallow exterior bulges or interior holding bulkheads on Cruisers, but they didn't actually try a TDS system.  I'd be curious as to the CVs Wasp and Ranger and their underwater systems.

Just as a talking point, here is the 3rd version with the 18cm all on centerline. It creates some space to work with. The 90mm can be lowered and the armor thickened. Funny looking ship, but tough.

PRL III, Bavaria Kruezer laid down 1920 (Engine 1916)

Displacement:
   13,000 t light; 13,558 t standard; 15,470 t normal; 17,000 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   556.68 ft / 544.62 ft x 80.38 ft x 23.79 ft (normal load)
   169.68 m / 166.00 m x 24.50 m  x 7.25 m

Armament:
      10 - 7.09" / 180 mm guns in single mounts, 187.39lbs / 85.00kg shells, 1920 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
     on centreline, evenly spread, 5 raised mounts
      12 - 3.54" / 90.0 mm guns in single mounts, 22.24lbs / 10.09kg shells, 1920 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts
     on side ends, evenly spread
      8 - 1.46" / 37.0 mm guns in single mounts, 1.55lbs / 0.70kg shells, 1920 Model
     Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
     on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
   Weight of broadside 2,153 lbs / 977 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 200
   12 - 21.0" / 533.4 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   7.09" / 180 mm   396.98 ft / 121.00 m   13.12 ft / 4.00 m
   Ends:   2.95" / 75 mm   147.61 ft / 44.99 m   13.12 ft / 4.00 m
     Main Belt covers 112 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
      1.97" / 50 mm   396.98 ft / 121.00 m   21.33 ft / 6.50 m

   - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   5.91" / 150 mm   1.97" / 50 mm      1.97" / 50 mm
   3rd:   0.98" / 25 mm   0.98" / 25 mm            -
   4th:   0.39" / 10 mm         -               -

   - Armour deck: 2.76" / 70 mm, Conning tower: 7.09" / 180 mm

Machinery:
   Coal and oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Electric motors, 4 shafts, 82,229 shp / 61,343 Kw = 29.00 kts
   Range 9,875nm at 14.00 kts
   Bunker at max displacement = 3,442 tons (25% coal)

Complement:
   693 - 901

Cost:
   £2.624 million / $10.495 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 257 tons, 1.7 %
   Armour: 4,227 tons, 27.3 %
      - Belts: 1,769 tons, 11.4 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 617 tons, 4.0 %
      - Armament: 232 tons, 1.5 %
      - Armour Deck: 1,515 tons, 9.8 %
      - Conning Tower: 95 tons, 0.6 %
   Machinery: 3,135 tons, 20.3 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 4,911 tons, 31.7 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,470 tons, 16.0 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 470 tons, 3.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     22,173 lbs / 10,057 Kg = 124.6 x 7.1 " / 180 mm shells or 3.6 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.24
   Metacentric height 5.3 ft / 1.6 m
   Roll period: 14.6 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.22
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.06

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has low quarterdeck
   Block coefficient: 0.520
   Length to Beam Ratio: 6.78 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 23.34 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 59 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 66
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 12.00 degrees
   Stern overhang: 6.56 ft / 2.00 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      25.85 ft / 7.88 m
      - Forecastle (20 %):   20.93 ft / 6.38 m
      - Mid (50 %):      20.93 ft / 6.38 m
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   13.25 ft / 4.04 m (20.93 ft / 6.38 m before break)
      - Stern:      13.25 ft / 4.04 m
      - Average freeboard:   20.17 ft / 6.15 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 110.6 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 138.6 %
   Waterplane Area: 29,708 Square feet or 2,760 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 119 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 114 lbs/sq ft or 557 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0.95
      - Longitudinal: 1.57
      - Overall: 1.00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
   Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform