Technology

[nikitol]

Propulsion
1905 Cutting Edge (+3) Engine year 1909, Max. Turbine power 12000HP/Shaft

BB/AC Architecture
1906 Cutting Edge (+3): Superfiring turrets, all centerline, triple turrets

Light Cruiser Architecture
1900 Advanced(+1): ammunition hoists, deck torpedo armament, superfiring mounts

Destroyer and TB architecture
1904 Advanced (+1):double TTs - max 8, displacement 750t


Armor technology
Advanced     0.95   1.05   0.85   1.15 ...Krupp Cemented 1900

Torpedo Technologies
1905 Advanced (+1): 5000@26, 2200@35, 100kg warhead, imp. wet heater, 1t

Submarines
1900 Baseline (0) :up to 300 t surfaced, 8 knots submerged, 1TT, 3 torpedoes

Mine Warfare
1908: Advanced (+1): advanced paravanes, active charges. Reliable horn mines, early antenna mines (since 1912)

Naval Artillery Shells
1905 Advanced (+1): Armour-Piercing

Gun Technology
1910 Cutting Edge(+3)
15"/40, 14"/45 or 12"/50

Infantry technology
1895 Baseline 4/2

Cavalry Techs
1895 Baseline 4/1

Army Reserves
1900 Baseline: Can maintain one reserve unit per one active strength unit

Dirigible airships
1898 Baseline: Type 0: Volume 10 000m³ nonrigid airships, 30kts

Heavier-than-air crafts
Baseline: None, perhaps a few private experimenters with gliders

Anti-aircraft gun and altitudes
Baseline (0): High angle anti-ballon guns or machine guns (up to 1 pounders)

Internal Combustion Engines (Land, submarines, and air)
1895 Baseline (0): Gas, petrol(gasoline) and alcohol-fueled engines up to 20HP

Amphibious Technology
Baseline(0)  lifeboats and the use of enemy harbors.

[Eugenius]

Technology as of January 1, 1910:

Propulsion
1905 Cutting Edge (+3) Engine year 1909, Max. Turbine power 12000HP/Shaft

BB/AC Architecture
1906 Cutting Edge (+3): Superfiring turrets, all centerline, triple turrets

Light Cruiser Architecture
1900 Advanced(+1): ammunition hoists, deck torpedo armament, superfiring mounts

Destroyer and TB architecture
1904 Advanced (+1):double TTs - max 8, displacement 750t


Armor technology
Advanced     0.95   1.05   0.85   1.15 ...Krupp Cemented 1900

Torpedo Technologies
1905 Advanced (+1): 5000@26, 2200@35, 100kg warhead, imp. wet heater, 1t

Submarines
1900 Baseline (0) :up to 300 t surfaced, 8 knots submerged, 1TT, 3 torpedoes

Mine Warfare
1900 Baseline (0): primitive paravanes and dragged booms behind small expendable vessels- suicide duty. Electrical Contact mines

Naval Artillery Shells
1905 Advanced (+1): Armour-Piercing

Gun Technology
1910 Cutting Edge(+3)
15"/40, 14"/45 or 12"/50

Infantry technology
1895 Baseline 4/2

Cavalry Techs
1895 Baseline 4/1

Army Reserves
1905 Advanced (+1): Can maintain two reserve units per one active strength unit (0% chance, 2 years)

Dirigible airships
1898 Baseline: Type 0: Volume 10 000m³ nonrigid airships, 30kts

Heavier-than-air crafts
1902 Advanced: Primitive flying machines: Wright Flyer, Langly Aerodrome etc. 1906 historical year

Anti-aircraft gun and altitudes
Baseline (0): High angle anti-ballon guns or machine guns (up to 1 pounders)

Internal Combustion Engines (Land, submarines, and air)
1900 Advanced (+1): Land and airship engines up to 200HP, 50HP aeroplane engines

Amphibious Technology
Baseline(0)  lifeboats and the use of enemy harbors.

Railway guns
1900: Baseline (0): Railway guns of up to 150mm, armored trains

[Blooded]

Ukrainian Technological Level (Upto Early 1915)

______________________________________________________________________
Naval Propulsion
---------------------
1895 Baseline(0): Complex Reciprocating Engines, Engine Year 1900
1902 Advanced (+1): Engine year 1905, Max. Turbine power 5,000 HP/Shaft,
        Direct-drive Turbines
1905 Cutting Edge (+3) Engine year 1909, Max. Turbine power 12,000 HP/Shaft
1909: Engine year 1912, Max. Turbine power 20,000 HP/Shaft
1913: Engine year 1916, Max. Turbine power 35,000 HP/Shaft
1917: Engine year 1920, Max. Turbine power 40,000 HP/Shaft, Engine year = year laid down.

Miscellaneous propulsion technology:
1900 Underway Recoaling
1906 Oil-firing boilers: Allows bunkers with larger than 10% percentage for oil
1906 Electric Propulsion
1912 Geared Drives
1912 Capital Ship Diesel Engines
1915 Underway Oiling

BB/AC Architecture - Main battery in turrets
-------------------------
1880: Main guns in twin turrets, secondaries in casemate
1890: Mixed main armament or AQY with double turrets+casemates
1904: All-big-gun ship with wing turrets, superfiring turrets (restricted axial firing arcs), improved turret hydraulics, Torpedo Bulkheads
1906: Superfiring turrets (unrestricted firing arcs), triple turrets
1912: Quadruple turrets
1920:  No restriction (high or low) on caliber of turreted guns

Secondaries are 4-7" guns. 8-10" medium-caliber guns are not secondaries, but medium-caliber main guns

Aircraft/Seaplane Carriers
---------------------------------
1910: experimental aviation ships; automatically granted upon completion of the 1910 Aircraft (1914 models) tech.
1915: floatplanes; flying-off decks for wheeled aircraft
1918: gunpowder catapults for floatplanes; separate landing and taking-off decks for wheeled aircraft
1922: hydraulic catapults; full length decks for wheeled aircraft; arrestor wires
1926: armored box carrier

Light Cruiser Architecture - Main battery in deck mounts/casemates
----------------------------------
1880 Baseline(0): guns in single mounts or casemates, on side/centerline
1900 Advanced(+1): ammunition hoists, deck torpedo armament, superfiring mounts
1910 Cutting Edge (+5): twin gun mounts (require hoists); powered gun mounts; unrestricted weapon armor

Destroyer and TB architecture - Top speed no less than 20kts, composite hull strength > 0.49
----------------------------------------
1880 Baseline (0): single TTs - max 4, displacement 500t
1904 Advanced (+1):double TTs - max 8, displacement 750t
1908 Cutting Edge (+3): triple TTs - max 12, displacement 1000t
1912: max displacement 1500t,
1918: quad TTs, 2000t

MTB Tech (Replaces ICE tech)
-------------------------------------
1905:
1910:
1914:
1918:
1922:
1928:

Armor technology
------------------------
1880 Cast Iron -20%
1890 Compound -10%
1900 Krupp Cemented 0
1915 All Imp. KC types +10%
1912 Sloped external belts; "All or Nothing" Protective Schemes

Torpedo Technologies
----------------------------
1890 Primitive (-2) : 800m@26kts range, 50kg warhead (-1 dam.), compressed air 0.5t, 16" dia.
1890 Dated (-1): 1200@26, 400@35, 100kg warhead (+0 dam.), compressed air 0.5t, 16"
1899 Baseline (0):3000@26, 1500@30, 100kg warhead(+0 dam.), early wet heater 1t, 18"
1905 Advanced (+1): 5000@26, 2200@35, 100kg warhead, imp. wet heater, 1t, 18"
1908 Cutting Edge (+3): 7000@26, 3000@35, 100kg warhead, imp. wet heater, 1t, 21"
1913: (+5) 15000@26, 10000@30,7000@35, 200kg warhead (+1), 2t, 21"
1918: (+8) 20000@26, 15000@30, 10000@35, 300kg warhead (+2) 3t weight, 24"

Electric Torpedo Proplusion
----------------------------------
1905: 2000@20/1000@30, +0 damage, 2t
1914:  Torpedoes as capable as normal torpedoes at "slow" setting.

Submarines
---------------
Dated (-1): no subs
1900 Baseline (0) :up to 300 t surfaced, 8 knots submerged, 1TT, 3 torpedoes
1905 Advanced (+1): up to 500t surfaced, 10 knots submerged, 2 TT, 4 torpedoes
1910 Cutting Edge: up to 1000 t surfaced, 10 knots submerged, 4 TT, 8 torpedoes
1915: up to 1500 t surfaced, 10 knots submerged, 6 TT, 12 torpedoes
1920: up to 3000t

Mine Warfare
-----------------
1890: long stick and Very Slow Forward. Hand detonated mines
1900 Baseline (0): primitive paravanes and dragged booms behind small vessels.  Horn mines.
1908: Advanced (+1): advanced paravanes, active charges. Reliable horn mines, early antenna mines.
1918: Reliable antenna mines.
1922: Unreliable magnetic mines & countermessures.

Naval Artillery Shells
-------------------------
1880 Primitive(-2): Solid shot
1890 Dated (-1): High Explosive
1895 Baseline (0): Semi Armour-Piercing
1905 Advanced (+1): Armour-Piercing
1908 Cutting Edge (+3): Capped shells

ASW
------
1910: ASW tactics, depth charges
1916: hydrophones, depth charge throwers

Night fighting
-----------------
1908: basic tactics, searchlight, night scopes
1912: starshell + improved tactics
1918: Illuminating shells with parachute, improved night scopes

Rangefinding, Fire Control and Gunnery (development takes twice as long as a normal tech)
-----------------------------------------------------
1908: centralized FC, early directors - 12kyd
1912: primitive FC computers -18kyd
1918: Spotting planes, Central director stations, long base-length RF - 24kyd
1930:  Electromechanical FC computers - 30kyd

Radar technology (double-time tech)
----------------------------------------------
1905: Advanced (+1): Early Huelsmeyer-type "radar", listening dishes, War tuba's.
1915: Cutting Edge (+3): refined Huelsmeyer-type "radar"
1930: Futuristic (+5): primitive "modern" search RADAR

_________________________________________________________________
Land and Air Techs

Line Infantry
----------------
1870 Primitive (-2) Rating 2 Artillery 0.5
1885 Dated (-1) 3/1
1895 Baseline (0) 4/2
1905 Advanced (+1) 5/3
1915 Cutting Edge(+3) 6/4

Light Infantry/Cavalry (Includes all of:  cavalry, mountain, desert, commando, marine)
------------------------------
1870 Primitive (-2) Rating 2 Artillery 0
1885 Dated (-1) 3/0.5
1895 Baseline (0) 4/1
1905 Advanced (+1) 5/1.5
1915 Cutting Edge (+1) 6/2

Army Mobilization and Reserves:
-----------------------------------------
1895 Dated (-1): Can maintain one reserve unit per 2 active strength units
1900 Baseline (0): Can maintain one reserve unit per one active strength unit
1905 Advanced (+1): Can maintain two reserve units per one active strength unit
1910 Cutting Edge (+3): Can maintain three reserve units per one active strength unit OR can bring units from reserve to active status in seven days.


CBR warfare:
----------------
1880 Baseline(0) Blankets with smallpox, trebuchets with dead animals.
1905 Advanced (+1): Tear-producing substances, chlorine,plague fleas and rats etc.
1910 Cutting Edge (+3): Phosgene
1915: Futuristic (+5) mustard gas, anthrax spores
1920: Terrifying (+7) Early nerve gases,

Heavier-Than-Air Crafts
-----------------------------
Baseline: None, perhaps a few private experimenters with gliders
1902 Advanced: Primitive flying machines: Wright Flyer, Langly Aerodrome etc. 1906 historical year
1906 Cutting Edge: Historical 1910 aircraft level
1910: historical 1914 aircrafts
1913: historical 1916 aircrafts
1917: historical 1918 aircrafts (wireless possible in multi-engine types)
1921: historical 1922 aircrafts (wireless possible in single-engine types)

Dirigible Airships
---------------------
Dated: None
1898 Baseline: Type 0: Volume 10 000m³ nonrigid airships, 30kts
1905 Advanced (+1): Type 1 Volume: 20 000m³ and 4 tons military payload over 700 nm speed 40 kts
1910 Cutting Edge (+3) : Type 2 Volume: 40 000m³ and 9 tons military payload over 1200 nm speed 50 kts
1915: Type 3 Volume: 70 000m³ and 16 tons military payload over 2200 nm speed 60 kts
1920: 4 Volume: 130 000m³ and 31 tons military payload over 3900 nm speed 65 kts
1925: Volume: 210 000m² and 60 tons military payload over 5200 nm speed 70 kts

Anti-aircraft gun and altitudes
--------------------------------------
1900:  Baseline (0): High angle anti-ballon guns or machine guns (up to 1 pounders) = 1,000 feet - starting point for everyone.
High-angle anti-balloon guns are perfect for that role.
1908:  Advanced (+1): High angle anti-air guns (20-40mm) = 5,000 feet
1914:  Cutting Edge (+3): High angle artillery (40-80mm) = 15,000 feet
1925:  Futuristic (+5): High altitude artillery (80mm+) = 30,000 feet

Amphibious Technology
-------------------------------
Baseline(0)  lifeboats and the use of enemy harbors.
1905  Advanced (+1) shallow draft barges and shallow draft support ships
1910 Cutting edge (+3)  LST ships
1920 Futuristic (+5) Landing support ships and LST carriers
1928 Ultimate (+7): Mulberry harbors and amphibious vehicles.

Railway guns
------------------
1900: Baseline (0): Railway guns of up to 150mm, armored trains
1905: Advanced (+1): Railway guns of up to 254mm
1910: Cutting Edge (+3): Railway guns of up to 356mm
1915: Futuristic (+5): Unrestricted calibre railway guns

Motorization
----------------
1900:  Experimental:  A few cars and trucks have been bought by your army to see what they can do; everything else follows from this.  This tech is granted automatically once the nation has the following techs researched:  1900 Internal Combustion Engines and either 1895 Line Infantry or Light/Cavalry
1910:  Motorized HQ, Artillery units; improved tactical mobility 
1920:  All supporting elements motorized; improved strategic mobility
1930:  Troops mounted; improved tactical firepower/mobility, strategic mobility.

Light Armor
---------------
1905:  Historical 1907 civilian vehicles (unreliable) with improvised armor and machine gun mount.  Prerequisite:   1900 Motorization. 
1910:  Historical 1912 armored cars
1915:  Historical 1917 tankettes (unreliable) and armored cars
1920:  Historical 1922 tankettes and armored cars

Heavy Armour
------------------
1910:  Historical 1916 tanks (very unreliable).  Pre-requisite  :    1900 Motorization.
1915:  Historical 1917 tanks (unreliable)
1920:  historical 1922 tanks

[Blooded]

Ukraine(Jan 1920)

Key:
* Tech level attained.
^ Tech level being researched.
! Cannot be traded(Top Secret or Agreement)
_____________________________________________________
Naval Propulsion:
----------------------
* 1895: Complex Reciprocating Engines, Engine Year 1900
* 1902: Engine year 1905, Max. non-VTE power 5,000 HP/Shaft,
        Direct-drive Turbines
* 1905: Engine year 1909, Max. non-VTE power 12,000 HP/Shaft
* 1909: Engine year 1912, Max. non-VTE power 20,000 HP/Shaft
* 1913: Engine year 1916, Max. non-VTE power 35,000 HP/Shaft
  1917: Engine year 1920, Max. non-VTE power 40,000 HP/Shaft, Engine year = year laid down.

Miscellaneous Propulsion Technologies:
-------------------------------------------------
* 1900: Underway Recoaling
* 1906: Oil-firing boilers:
  1906: Electric Propulsion
  1912: Geared Drives
  1912: Capital Ship Diesel Engines
  1915: Underway Refueling

BB/AC Architecture:
------------------------
* 1880: Main guns in twin turrets, secondaries in casemate
* 1890: Mixed main armament or AQY with double turrets+casemates
* 1904: All-big-gun ship with wing turrets,
       improved turret hydraulics, Torpedo Bulkheads
* 1906: Superfiring turrets, all centerline, triple turrets
  1912: Quadruple turrets
  1920: No restriction (high or low) on caliber of turreted guns

Aircraft/Seaplane Carriers
* 1910: Experimental aviation ships; automatically granted upon completion of the 1910 Aircraft (1914 models) tech.
  1915: Floatplanes; flying-off decks for wheeled aircraft
  1918: Gunpowder catapults for floatplanes; separate landing and taking-off decks for wheeled aircraft
  1922: Hydraulic catapults; full length decks for wheeled aircraft; arrestor wires
  1926: Armored box carrier

Light Cruiser Architecture:
--------------------------------
* 1880: Guns in single mounts or casemates, on side/centerline
* 1900: Ammunition hoists, deck torpedo armament, superfiring mounts
  1910: Twin gun mounts (require hoists); powered gun mounts; unrestricted weapon armor

Destroyer and TB architecture:
--------------------------------------
* 1880: Single TTs - max 4, displacement 500t
* 1904: Double TTs - max 8, displacement 750t
* 1908: Triple TTs - max 12, displacement 1000t
  1912: Max displacement 1500t
  1918: Quad TTs, 2000t

MTB Tech:
---------
* 1905:
* 1910:
  1914:
  1918:
  1922:
  1928:

Armor technology:
-----------------------
* 1880: Cast Iron -20%
* 1890: Compound -10%
* 1900: Krupp Cemented 0
  1915: All Imp. KC types +10%
-----
  1912: Sloped external belts; "All or Nothing" Protective Schemes

Torpedo Technologies:
----------------------------
* 1890: 800m@26kts range, 50kg warhead (-1 dam.), compressed air 0.5t, 16" dia.
* 1890: 1200@26, 400@35, 100kg warhead (+0 dam.), compressed air 0.5t, 16" dia.
* 1899: 3000@26, 1500@30, 100kg warhead(+0 dam.), early wet heater 1t, 18" dia.
* 1905: 5000@26, 2200@35, 100kg warhead, imp. wet heater, 1t, 18" dia.
* 1908: 7000@26, 3000@35, 100kg warhead, imp. wet heater, 1t, 21" dia.
  1910: 10000@26, 7000@30, 200kg warhead (+1), imp. wet heater, 1.5t
* 1913: 15000@26, 10000@30,7000@35, 200kg warhead (+1), 2t, 21" dia.
^ 1918: 20000@26, 15000@30, 10000@35, 300kg warhead (+2) 3t weight, 24" dia.

Electric Torpedo Proplusion:
-----------------------------------
  1905: 2000@20/1000@30, +0 damage, 2t
  1914: Torpedoes as capable as normal torpedoes at "slow" setting.

Submarines:
----------------
* 1900: Up to 300t surfaced, 8 knots submerged, 1TT, 3 torpedoes
* 1905: Up to 500t surfaced, 10 knots submerged, 2 TT, 4 torpedoes
* 1910: Up to 1000t surfaced, 10 knots submerged, 4 TT, 8 torpedoes
^ 1915: Up to 1500t surfaced, 10 knots submerged, 6 TT, 12 torpedoes
  1920: Up to 3000t

Mine Warfare:
------------------
* 1890: Long stick and Very Slow Forward. Hand detonated mines
* 1900: Primitive paravanes and dragged booms behind small expendable vessels- suicide duty. Horn mines.
* 1908: Advanced paravanes, active charges. Reliable horn mines, early antenna mines.
  1918: Reliable antenna mines.
  1922: Unreliable magnetic mines & countermessures.

Naval Artillery Shells:
--------------------------
* 1880: Solid shot
* 1890: High Explosive
* 1895: Semi Armour-Piercing
* 1905: Armour-Piercing
* 1908: Capped shells
  1916: Improved capped shells

Naval Gun Technology:
----------------------------
* 1885:
* 1895:
* 1900:
* 1902:
* 1907: 12"/50; 14"/45; 15"/40
* 1911: 12"/55; 14"/50; 15"/45; 16"/40
  1915: 14"/55; 15"/50; 16"/45
  1921: 15"/55; 16"/50
  1928

Anti-Submarine Warfare:
------------------------------
* 1910: ASW tactics, primitive depth charges
  1916: Hydrophones, improved depth charges
  1926: Further improvements

Night fighting:
-----------------
* 1908: Basic tactics, searchlight, night scopes
^ 1912: Starshell + improved tactics
  1918: Illuminating shells with parachute, improved night scopes

Rangefinding, Fire Control and Gunnery: (double-time tech)
--------------------------------------------------
* 1908: Centralized FC, early directors - 12kyd
^ 1912: Primitive FC computers -18kyd
  1918: Central director stations, long base-length RF - 24kyd
  1928: Search radars, spotting planes, electromechanical FC computers - 30kyd

Radar technology: (double-time tech)
-----------------------
  1905: Early Huelsmeyer-type "radar", listening dishes, War tuba's.
  1915: Refined Huelsmeyer-type "radar"
  1930: Primitive "modern" search RADAR

LAND BASED TECH
_______________________________
Infantry Technologies:
---------------------------
* 1865: Primitive Rating 2 Artillery 0.5
* 1885: Dated 3/1
* 1895: Baseline 4/2
* 1905: Advanced 5/3
* 1915: Cutting Edge(1916) 6/4

Special Units Technologies:
---------------------------------
* 1865: Primitive Rating 2 Artillery 0
* 1885: Dated 3/0.5
* 1895: Baseline 4/1
* 1905: Advanced 5/1.5
^ 1915: Cutting Edge(1916) 6/2

Motorization:
----------------
* 1900: Experimental
* 1910: Motorized HQ, Artillery units; improved tactical mobility 
  1920: All supporting elements motorized; improved strategic mobility
  1930: Troops mounted; improved tactical firepower/mobility, strategic mobility.

Light Armor:
---------------
* 1905: Experimental Armored Cars:
* 1910: Armored Car Unit:
^ 1915: Basic Tankette:
  1920: Improved Tankette:

Heavy Armour:
------------------
* 1910: Experimental Tank:
  1915: Basic Tanks:
  1920: Improved Tanks:
  1935: Advanced Tanks:

Army Mobilization and Reserves:
----------------------------------------
* 1895: Can maintain one reserve unit per 2 active strength units
* 1900: Can maintain one reserve unit per one active strength unit
* 1905: Can maintain two reserve units per one active strength unit
* 1910: Can maintain three reserve units per one active strength unit
^ 1910: At General Mobilization can begin moving units from depots on day 5

Chemical Warfare:
----------------------
* Baseline(0) Blankets with smallpox, trebuchets with dead animals.
* 1905: Tear-producing substances, chlorine,plague fleas and rats etc.
* 1910: Phosgene
^ 1915: Mustard gas, anthrax spores
  1920: Early nerve gases,

Amphibious Technology
-----------------------------
* Baseline(0) Lifeboats and the use of enemy harbors.
* 1905: Shallow draft barges and shallow draft support ships
* 1910: LST ships
  1920: Landing support ships and LST carriers
  1928: Mulberry harbors and amphibious vehicles.

Railway guns
-----------------
* 1900: Railway guns of up to 150mm, armored trains
* 1905: Railway guns of up to 254mm
^ 1910: Railway guns of up to 356mm
  1915: Unrestricted calibre railway guns


AERIAL TECH
___________________________________________________
Aircraft
----------------------------
* Baseline: None, perhaps a few private experimenters with gliders
* 1902: Primitive flying machines: Wright Flyer, Langly Aerodrome etc. 1906 historical year
* 1906: Historical 1910 aircraft level
* 1910: Historical 1914 aircrafts
* 1913: Historical 1916 aircrafts
  1917: Historical 1918 aircrafts
  1920: Historical 1922 aircrafts
  1928: Historical 1930 aircrafts

Dirigible Airships
---------------------
* 1898: Type 0 Volume: 10 000m³ nonrigid airships, 30kts
* 1905: Type 1 Volume: 20 000m³ and 4 tons military payload over 700 nm speed 40 kts
* 1910: Type 2 Volume: 40 000m³ and 9 tons military payload over 1200 nm speed 50 kts
  1915: Type 3 Volume: 70 000m³ and 16 tons military payload over 2200 nm speed 60 kts
  1920: Type 4 Volume: 130 000m³ and 31 tons military payload over 3900 nm speed 65 kts
  1925: Type 5 Volume: 210 000m² and 60 tons military payload over 5200 nm speed 70 kts

Anti-Aircraft Guns
----------------------
* Baseline: High angle anti-ballon guns or machine guns (up to 1 pounders) = 1,000 feet - starting point for everyone.
* 1908: High angle anti-air guns (20-40mm) = 5,000 feet
  1914: High angle artillery (40-80mm) = 15,000 feet
  1925: High altitude artillery (80mm+) = 30,000 feet


MISCELLANEOUS TECH
______________________________________

Signals Intelligence:
-------------------------
* 1895: Ability to create simple codes (if a player requests this ability.)
^ 1900: Ability to use and break simple codes, bored crews at wireless stations listening to radio traffic
  1905: Basic encoding protocols, dedicated radio and telegraph line listening stations
  1912: Centralized cryptographic institutions, enforced radio discipline, Room 40
  1920: Primitive mechanical encoding/decoding machines etc.